Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
SOCIAL FUNCTION/ PURPOSEFUNGSI SOSIAL/ TUJUAN:
žTo present (at least) two points of view about an issue or many different aspect of an
issue.Untuk mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu) yang ditinjau (paling sedikit ) dari dua
sudut pandang yang berbeda pada aspek/kesimpulan atau rekomendasi dari suatu
masalah.
issue.Untuk mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu) yang ditinjau (paling sedikit ) dari dua
sudut pandang yang berbeda pada aspek/kesimpulan atau rekomendasi dari suatu
masalah.
GENERIC STRUCTURE
ž Issue :
introduces the statement and previews issue
ž Supporting Point (Arguments For /( Pro):
providing the reason that agree with the issue or the topic of concern
Contrastive point (Arguments against)/(Cons) :
providing the reason that disagree with the issue or the topic of concern
ž Conclusion :
states the recommendation of the issue or summing up the issue and the reason
STRUKTUR:
ž Issue:
memperkenalkan masalah/isu yang diangkat
žSupporting Point (Arguments for)/(Pro):
berisikan alasan pendapat yang mendukung dari isu yg diangkat.
Contrastive point (Arguments against)/(Kontra):
berisikan alasan pendapat yang menentang dari isu yg diangkat.
ž Conclusion :
rekomendasi dari masalah atau kesimpulan dari masalah dan alasannya.
Language Feature
žThe use of general nouns (human and non-human Participants)
(e.g: alcohol, abortion, smoking, cloning, etc)
žThe use of relating verbs
(e.g: is, are, have, has, had, etc)
žThe use of thinking verbs
(e.g: think, feel, hope, believe, etc)
žThe use of additive connectives
(e.g: in addition, furthermore, beside, etc)
žThe use of contrastive connectives
(e.g: although, even if, nevertheless, etc)
žThe use of casual connectives
(e.g: because, because of, etc)
žThe use of modalities
(e.g: perhaps, may, should, would, must, can, could, ought to, etc)
žThe of adverbs of manner
(e.g: deliberately, hopefully)
CIRI KEBAHASAAN
ž Menggunakan kata benda umum untuk menyatakan kategori,misal: women deserve higher education
ž Menggunakan kata kerja penghubung (relating verb) untuk memberi informasi tentang isu yang didiskusikan, misal: the issue we are discussing is whether women need higher education or not.
ž Menggunakan kata kerja untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi, misal: believe, think
žMenggunakan kata hubung untuk makna penambahan, pertentangan, sebab akibat untuk menghubungkan pendapat/ argumen, misal: on the contrary
ž Menggunakan frasa benda yang rinci untuk memberikan informasi secara terpadu, misal: the quality of life
ž Menggunakan modal verb, misal: every women must get education as high as she can achieve
ž Menggunakan kata keterangan cara, misal: very well, unnecessarily, efficiently, fairly
CONTOH2 TEKS :
HUNTING FOX
Fox hunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe that it
is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban. Many farmer and even
conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is a pest which attacks
livestock and must be controlled.
(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)
Generic Structure Analysis :
* Issue; hunting fox.
* Supporting point (Argument for); farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they attack live stok.
* Contrastive point (Argument against); many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel.
* Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.
Language Feature Analysis:
* Introducing category participant; farmer,conservationists.* Using thinking verb; believe.
* Using connectives; however
* Using modalities; must, always
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
•It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
•It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
•It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
•It produces small amount of waste.
•It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident. People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
Note on the Generic Structure of The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas.
This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and
disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which
need to be talked and discussed from two points.
This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and
disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which
need to be talked and discussed from two points.
They are represented in the generic structure which is used:
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can
be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.
Supporting Point (argument for): In the second paragraph, it is presented the
advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy
needed
Contrastive Point (argument against): The third paragraph shows the balance. It
gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.
Recommendation (Conclusion) : This text is ended with a similar
recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
Convenience or Care?
When something issued by someone, we say it has been consumed. We as
consumers use many things, both natural and processed. We consume more of the
Earth’s resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for
the environment.
consumers use many things, both natural and processed. We consume more of the
Earth’s resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for
the environment.
Like all animals, we need clean air and water, food and shelter for survival. Unlike
other animals, however, we have certain “want”. These are items that are not
necessary for our survival, but that we want because they make our lives easier or
more enjoyable.
Environments claims that a great deal of waste is created by both the production
and the consumption of these items or product. Disposable products, such a pens,
take away food containers, plates, shavers and cutlery, are made using the Earth’s
resources. When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost.
Another example of waste is the unnecessary packaging on many products. The
material is often not recycled and used again.
Throwing thing away also increases pollution. The amount of disposable plastic
litter that ends up in waterways is a serious problem. When this waste reaches the
oceans, it can kill marine life.
Industrialist counter these arguments with their own point of view. They claim that
consumer’s expect to be able to purchase food which is attractively presented,
prepackaged to extent its life and easy to store. In a busy society, convenience is a
priority. Products which make life easier, era in demand. Industrialist argue that
they cater to this perceived need.
Packaging is also big business and provides jobs for many people who might
otherwise be unemployed and a burden to society.
Environmentalist declare that for thousands of year, people survived perfectly well
with re-usable products. However, people of the twenty-first century have become
used to wing in a ‘thrown-away’ society. It is up to each one of us to dispose of
waste products carefully, recycle as much as possible and to reduce the stress on
our environment. Think when buying pre-packaged goods and consider whether
the same products can be bought without the extra wrappings. Let’s make the best
of what we have.
Birth Control
Most people agree that some form of family limitation or spacing is desirable for the
good of the family and society. But individuals and groups–especially religious
groups–differ sharply on the methods of birth control that they consider moral and
acceptable.
Couples that practice birth control do so for various reasons. They may want to limit
or space their children, or to have no children at all. Young couples often postpone
having children so that both partners can work full-time. Other couples space their
children so they can give each child as much attention as possible. Some women
are advised by their doctors to avoid pregnancy for health reasons. In many
countries with rapidly growing populations, the government encourages couples to
limit the size of their families.
Even though birth control has gained in acceptance, opposition to the practice is
continuous. Some people fear that birth control encourages sexual relations outside
marriage or that government might impose birth control. Some religious groups
oppose birth control on moral grounds.
Some religious groups teach that artificial methods of birth control are immoral
because they separate the two purposes of intercourse in marriage–conjugal love
and the procreation of children. Although they oppose all artificial birth control, they
consider natural family planning acceptable.
good of the family and society. But individuals and groups–especially religious
groups–differ sharply on the methods of birth control that they consider moral and
acceptable.
Couples that practice birth control do so for various reasons. They may want to limit
or space their children, or to have no children at all. Young couples often postpone
having children so that both partners can work full-time. Other couples space their
children so they can give each child as much attention as possible. Some women
are advised by their doctors to avoid pregnancy for health reasons. In many
countries with rapidly growing populations, the government encourages couples to
limit the size of their families.
Even though birth control has gained in acceptance, opposition to the practice is
continuous. Some people fear that birth control encourages sexual relations outside
marriage or that government might impose birth control. Some religious groups
oppose birth control on moral grounds.
Some religious groups teach that artificial methods of birth control are immoral
because they separate the two purposes of intercourse in marriage–conjugal love
and the procreation of children. Although they oppose all artificial birth control, they
consider natural family planning acceptable.
Abortion: A Controversial Issue
For years, abortion has been an extremely controversial subject. One important
aspect of the controversy is whether a woman should be permitted by law to have
an abortion and, if so, under what circumstances. Another is whether, and to what
extent laws should protect the unborn. People who wish to legally limit or forbid
abortions describe themselves as pro–life. Those who believe that a woman should
have the right to have an abortion may refer to themselves as pro–choice.
Arguments against abortion are based on the belief that an abortion is the
unjustified killing of an unborn child. Most people who oppose abortion believe that
human life begins when a sperm fertilises an egg. Another argument against
abortion is that laws allowing it on demand will increase irresponsible pregnancies
and lead to disrespect for human life. The Roman Catholic Church is a chief
opponent of abortion. Conservative branches of other religions also oppose
abortion.
Many people approve of abortion under certain circumstance. Some approve of
abortion if a woman’s life or health is endangered by her pregnancy. Others
recommend abortion when there is danger that the child will be born with a serious
mental or physical defect. They also approve of abortion when pregnancy has
resulted from rape or incest.
Many people who think that a woman should have the right to choose to have an
abortion distinguish between human life and personhood. They argue that
personhood implies both the capacity for self-conscious thought and acceptance as
a member of a social community. These people believe a fetus is not a person and
is thus not entitled to rights normally given to a person. Such pro–choice supporters
agree with the view that birth represents the beginning of personhood.
Another pro–choice argument is that legalising abortions has eliminated many
illegal abortions performed by unskilled practitioners under unsanitary conditions.
These abortions often cause deaths and permanent reproductive injuries. Abortion
on demand also prevents many unwanted births and may thus be a factor in
lowering infant and child abuse, neglect, and death rates. Also some argue that
women should not have to bear unwanted children in a world with a growing
population and diminishing natural resources.
As a result of this controversy, abortion laws vary from country to country. In
Russia, where abortion has been legal since 1920, it is allowed up to about the
fourth month of pregnancy, purely by request, and is commonly used as a method
of birth control. In some countries, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and
Bangladesh, abortion is only allowed when pregnancy threatens the mother’s life.
South Africa, New Zealand, and Hong Kong allow abortion when the fetus is
severely damaged. In the Republic of Ireland, the operation may only be performed
when either the mother’s or baby’s life is in danger.
aspect of the controversy is whether a woman should be permitted by law to have
an abortion and, if so, under what circumstances. Another is whether, and to what
extent laws should protect the unborn. People who wish to legally limit or forbid
abortions describe themselves as pro–life. Those who believe that a woman should
have the right to have an abortion may refer to themselves as pro–choice.
Arguments against abortion are based on the belief that an abortion is the
unjustified killing of an unborn child. Most people who oppose abortion believe that
human life begins when a sperm fertilises an egg. Another argument against
abortion is that laws allowing it on demand will increase irresponsible pregnancies
and lead to disrespect for human life. The Roman Catholic Church is a chief
opponent of abortion. Conservative branches of other religions also oppose
abortion.
Many people approve of abortion under certain circumstance. Some approve of
abortion if a woman’s life or health is endangered by her pregnancy. Others
recommend abortion when there is danger that the child will be born with a serious
mental or physical defect. They also approve of abortion when pregnancy has
resulted from rape or incest.
Many people who think that a woman should have the right to choose to have an
abortion distinguish between human life and personhood. They argue that
personhood implies both the capacity for self-conscious thought and acceptance as
a member of a social community. These people believe a fetus is not a person and
is thus not entitled to rights normally given to a person. Such pro–choice supporters
agree with the view that birth represents the beginning of personhood.
Another pro–choice argument is that legalising abortions has eliminated many
illegal abortions performed by unskilled practitioners under unsanitary conditions.
These abortions often cause deaths and permanent reproductive injuries. Abortion
on demand also prevents many unwanted births and may thus be a factor in
lowering infant and child abuse, neglect, and death rates. Also some argue that
women should not have to bear unwanted children in a world with a growing
population and diminishing natural resources.
As a result of this controversy, abortion laws vary from country to country. In
Russia, where abortion has been legal since 1920, it is allowed up to about the
fourth month of pregnancy, purely by request, and is commonly used as a method
of birth control. In some countries, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and
Bangladesh, abortion is only allowed when pregnancy threatens the mother’s life.
South Africa, New Zealand, and Hong Kong allow abortion when the fetus is
severely damaged. In the Republic of Ireland, the operation may only be performed
when either the mother’s or baby’s life is in danger.
Hacking: Pro and Contra?
Do you know what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a person who enjoys exploring
the details of programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the
capability of the systems. And you know what, the activities they do in the
computers are called ‘hacking’.
So, what’s the problem with ‘hacking and its hackers’? Well, the problem is whether
‘hacking and its hackers’ is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world
have many different views about hacking and the hackers. Some of them take
sides, but many object.
To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a
hacker, shall we? Although in most places breaking into computer systems is
considered illegal, I believe that hackers don’t do anything illegal because they only
want to know and try the systems. I dare to say that a hacker likes finding the
strengths and the weaknesses of a computer system. They feel proud if they can
find the weaknesses. So I don’t really see the crimes in this case. In addition, these
hackers sometimes help the police catch the ‘white collar criminals’, such as bank
robbers, money launderers, credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the U.S.
hackers caught some Singaporean hackers who made ‘Virus Love’ to break up the
programs of the U.S. National Security system.
Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is a
crime. The reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into banks
and other vital institutions where they can get money, destroy information, and the
worst thing is they can get secret information and sell it to another country. This is a
treachery.
Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer
hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and
eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers over computer bulletin boards in
America and Europe. Seeing this fact, I don’t blame those who think negatively
about hackers.
To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad
people with their brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money
orientation to get the wealth. That’s just the point.
the details of programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the
capability of the systems. And you know what, the activities they do in the
computers are called ‘hacking’.
So, what’s the problem with ‘hacking and its hackers’? Well, the problem is whether
‘hacking and its hackers’ is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world
have many different views about hacking and the hackers. Some of them take
sides, but many object.
To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a
hacker, shall we? Although in most places breaking into computer systems is
considered illegal, I believe that hackers don’t do anything illegal because they only
want to know and try the systems. I dare to say that a hacker likes finding the
strengths and the weaknesses of a computer system. They feel proud if they can
find the weaknesses. So I don’t really see the crimes in this case. In addition, these
hackers sometimes help the police catch the ‘white collar criminals’, such as bank
robbers, money launderers, credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the U.S.
hackers caught some Singaporean hackers who made ‘Virus Love’ to break up the
programs of the U.S. National Security system.
Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is a
crime. The reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into banks
and other vital institutions where they can get money, destroy information, and the
worst thing is they can get secret information and sell it to another country. This is a
treachery.
Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer
hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and
eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers over computer bulletin boards in
America and Europe. Seeing this fact, I don’t blame those who think negatively
about hackers.
To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad
people with their brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money
orientation to get the wealth. That’s just the point.
National Exam in Pros and Contras
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme
Court has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national
exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams
(UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does
the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of
the Indonesian education system worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia
education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the
current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this
national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn’t need the
national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the
national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of
students’ competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students’
competences throughout the semester. In fact, the national examination can still be
useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students’ cognitive
competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Court has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national
exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams
(UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does
the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of
the Indonesian education system worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia
education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the
current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this
national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn’t need the
national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the
national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of
students’ competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students’
competences throughout the semester. In fact, the national examination can still be
useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students’ cognitive
competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Arranged from: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/19/quality-education-and-national-exams.html
The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even
famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance
learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or
disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that
distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that
students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student’s
convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It
means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and
place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off
hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one
can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take
traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is
costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have
a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology
devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of
distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional
classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor
has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will
study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical
interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual’s learning style, some students are able to learn when
there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher
while others don’t really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance
learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of
person he/she is.
famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance
learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or
disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that
distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that
students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student’s
convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It
means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and
place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off
hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one
can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take
traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is
costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have
a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology
devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of
distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional
classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor
has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will
study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical
interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual’s learning style, some students are able to learn when
there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher
while others don’t really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance
learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of
person he/she is.
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